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Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and the most usual in the western populations. Although it affects both sexes, it is more frequent in males in whom it shortens the average life expectancy. This difference has been attributed to the negative effects of testosterone; however, recent research showed that this hormone may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system. In confirmation to the above current evidence suggests that the low levels of testosterone could be associated with an increased CVD risk and with an augmentation of morbidity and mortality in males. In the present article, we present 2 cases of men with CVD and metastatic prostate cancer treated with bilateral orchiectomy who died of acute stroke during the perioperational period. The possible association of androgen deprivation with cardiovascular disease progression and the consequent risk of stroke are briefly discussed. testosterone.
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This study aims to assess ovarian reserve markers in Behçet’s disease (BD) patients. Ten BD and 22 healthy controls were evaluated for ovarian reserve by examining the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, inhibin B, total morning testosterone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and antral follicle count. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was measured using two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Demographic data, menstrual abnormalities, disease parameters, and treatments were also analyzed. The median current age was similar in BD patients and controls (34 (20-40) vs. 31.3 (20-42) years, p = 0.33). A positive correlation was observed between the AMH Gen II ELISA and AMH/MISAnshLabs ELISA assays in the BD patients (r = +0.98; p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (r = +0.93; p < 0.0001). The mean AMH by Gen II (0.93 ± 0.8 vs. 2.59 ± 1.8 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and AMH/MIS AnshLabs ELISA (1.07 ± 0.86 vs. 2.51 ± 1.8 ng/mL, p = 0.02) were significantly reduced in the BD patients versus controls. A trend of decreased AMH ( 0.05). Current disease activity was only observed in BD patients with a low AMH level; however, there was no statistical significance (40 vs. 0 %, p = 0.44). Cyclophosphamide use was reported in only one patient with a low AMH and high FSH level. The present study was the first to suggest that BD patients may have diminished ovarian reserve. The contribution of disease activity remains to be determined. testosterone.
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There is no reported evidence for an anthropometric index that might link obesity to men’s sexual health. We evaluated the ability of an anthropometric index and the symptom scores of five widely used questionnaires to detect men’s health problems. We determined the predictive abilities of two obesity indexes and other clinical parameters for screening for lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in middle-aged men. testosterone.
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In mammals, leptin plays an important role in puberty and reproduction and leptin is regulated by sex steroids. Elevated leptin levels have been associated with sexual maturation in some teleosts such as Atlantic salmon. In the present study, primary cultures of Atlantic salmon hepatocytes were used to investigate the direct effects of different sex steroids on expression of the two salmon leptin-a genes, lepa1 and lepa2. Testosterone (T) stimulated both lepa1 and lepa2 in a dose dependent manner after four days of incubation. The stimulatory effect of T on leptin expression was not prevented by co-incubation with the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole, indicating a direct androgen effect on transcription. The non-aromatizable androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which is the main androgen in fish, was generally slightly less potent than T in stimulating lepa1 and lepa2. The strongest stimulatory response was seen for 17β-estradiol (E2). E2 treatment significantly up-regulated lepa1 and lepa2 gene expression at doses of 10nM and 1nM for each gene, respectively. Lepa1, but not lepa2, was stimulated by T and 11-KT in immature male and immature female parr, while E2 stimulated expression of both genes. The sensitivity to sex steroid stimulation differed in maturing males compared to immature. In maturing males, the androgens and E2 stimulated lepa2 but not lepa1, while in immature males, the androgens and E2 stimulated lepa1, but only E2 stimulated lepa2. The differential response of the two leptin paralogues to the sex steroids suggests differences in regulation of the two leptin genes during maturation. Altogether, these results indicate that leptin expression in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes is directly regulated at the transcriptional level by the main teleost androgens and an estrogen, and that the response might depend on the developmental stage of the fish. testosterone.
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Treatment with enclomiphene citrate resulted in increased morning serum T, E2, and LH levels similar to those obtained with a topical T gel in men with secondary hypogonadism. Follicle-stimulating hormone and LH were increased with enclomiphene, and sperm counts were conserved. testosterone.
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